Is Morocco An Arab Country?
- MATT SCHUMANN
- 04/28/12

Fes / Morocco News Board --- My recent article about Morocco's identity as an Arab nation caused a bit of a stir, particularly, and not surprisingly, among Moroccans.
To state that Morocco is an 'Arab nation' is not accurate because it ignores two important realities. The first is that Amazigh peoples, previously and impolitely known as Berbers, make up a majority of the population. Many Amazigh grow up speaking one of several Berber dialects, and many, importantly, are not native Arabic speakers.
Linguistically speaking, Arabic always held an advantage because of Islam. The conversion of Amazigh to Islam introduced Arabic as a 'superior', 'divine' language. Though the Berber dialects remained spoken, they were not used as formal and, most importantly, written languages.
{fshare} This comment from a reader named "Amazigh" illustrates the nature of Amazigh - Arab relations in Morocco:
Morocco and most north Africa have confused Islam with Arabic.
Being moslem does not make one "ARAB" and Morocco for political reasons has decided to join the Arab League following its independence from France, and Voila, it made a majority Amazigh population "arabic"
Moroccans are not Arab, the Kings after independence wanted to cement their legitimacy and decided to elevate Arabic and marginalize Amazigh.
The results today is that Morocco is full with 'arabized" amazighs.
Yes, darija is widespread in Morocco but for many, including myself, it is not our native language.
we were forced to learn it by various peer pressures, discrimination agains amazigh speakers, who are seen as backward country folks,...etc
I can't speak to the popularity of opinions like these. Living in Fes, which is perhaps the most Arab city in Morocco, I haven't heard much talk like this. But I know that in the countryside, and particularly in Southern Morocco, Amazigh Nationalism is a living movement. For example, a good friend of mine taught English in Errachidia last year, in Southeast Morocco, near to the Algerian border. A colleague and friend of his was an Amazigh Nationalist and refused to speak Arabic. He viewed it as 'the language of the colonizer.' So instead, he spoke French.
Which brings us to the second reality: French is very much a second language in Morocco.
Though France colonized Morocco for only 44 years, it deeply impacted almost every aspect of Moroccan culture and society. When Morocco won its independence in 1956, it was clear that there would be no real return to Arab tradition. Though Arabic was made the country's official language, all eyes were looking North, to the former colonizer, as a model for modernization.
Like most other Arab countries, Morocco faced an impasse between continuing the development initiated by their foreign colonizers and returning to their Arab roots. The desire to modernize threatened its Arab identity. Though Arabic had itself been modernized in the 19th and early 20th century, it was inappropriate for conducting business on an international stage. No 'Arab' models for economic growth existed at the time. So by default, French, the colonial language, remained in use in administration, business, science, and all other 'modern' fields. And Arabic, though official, only really flourished in traditional fields like the Islamic Sciences.
This linguistic rift only continued to grow, and today, French is ubiquitous. To use Arabic in a business or administrative setting is more or less inappropriate (though necessary for some Moroccans and expats, like yours truly). To many, French represents the future, while Arabic the past. French is the promise of modernity, manifested in personal freedom and economic prosperity. Arabic is the pressure of tradition, which crushes individualism and offers few solutions for the problems of the contemporary world.
Two comments reflect this attitude best.
"Arabic is incontrovertibly less prestigious than French is in commercial and intellectual life. It is pragmatic not sentimental. Everything follows the economy's lead, including politics, education systems, culture, etc. The % of GDP that comes from the EU vs Arabs tells all you need to know."
He was followed by another one:
"I wish the European Union would adopt us so we can finally prosper and shed the loser Arab moniker"
Coincidentally, I had a conversation with a taxi driver on Tuesday on almost the identical subject. As we drove past the Medina he began talking about how terrible of a place it is, which is not an entirely uncommon opinion. However, his comments were more vehement than any I had heard before. He said he wished the Medina would be "destroyed" and "erased" completely and that something new would be built in its place. He told me that Morocco's "Arab heritage" was holding it back. "Progress is what we need," he said, "we need to look forward. Arabic, the Arabs - the Arabs are worthless."
I still believe that Morocco is undeniably Arab. Islamic and Arab civilization not only influenced but were centered and developed in Morocco for centuries. Some of Morocco's rulers were Arabs, others Amazigh. But all were Muslim and all supported high Arab culture. To look at the nation's history and write off centuries of Arab culture is terribly irresponsible.
At the same time, it's impossible to deny recognition to the Amazigh peoples and their language. This is why making Amazigh an official language was a good move, though sadly I think it happened for purely political reasons, and hollow ones at that.
Similarly, French cannot be ignored and probably will never go away.
So to call Morocco an 'Arab' nation is not accurate. But to deny its Arab identity is equally fallacious. As with most things, the reality of the situation is too complicated to boil down into a few words or sentences.
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Comments (31)
NB: FOR MORE INFROMATION ON THE AMAZIGH PSYCHE, HISTORY AND CULURAL READ: ABDLHAAMID AL AOUNI:THE DEATH OF THE AMAZIGH MIND (mawt al 3a9l al amazighi) ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS EVER WRIITEN ON THE BERBERS. YOU WILL GET MORE INSIGHT ON WHY ARABIC HAS BECOME THE FIRST LANGAUAGE AND WHY THE AMAZIGHS ARE WITHOUT CIVILISATION, EXCEPT "THE CIVILISATION OF CLAY"
The Berbers hate the Arabs and the Arabs feel the same way towards their Berber compatriots, and that's how everyone likes it for centuries now, the good thing is that in Morocco, Arabs and Berbers and many others races learned to live with each other and the major reason is that most of them are Sunni Muslims.
In Iraq for instance, there is the minority Sunni and the Majority Shiaa and they will keep killing each other until the end of time. In Pakistan the Sunnis are the majority and they too have the same problem. In Morocco 99% of the populations is Muslim. Islam is a savior as long as everyone is Sunni. Arabs and Berbers may not like each other but at least they are united under the the banner of Sunni Islam.
I agree that Morocco is Arab, the simple proof is that almost everyone speaks Arabic but only Berbers speak Berber.
This gives the Berber linguistically the edge for speaking at least 2 languages.
I also agree that institutionaliz ing the Berber language is a simple gimmick to keep the calm. I wish they would have built schools and hospitals in Berber areas such the Rif the atlas regions instead.
Morocco, of course, is NONE of those things, consequently it is clear to everyone that Morocco is an Arab Nation. If Morocco ceases to be an Arab Nation, or if there is a civil war between the Amazaights and the Arabs, I guarantee you the Amazaight state will be like South Korea and the Arab portion of Morocco will be like North Korea except minus the Nuclear weapons or anything else worth boasting about.
The Arabs are a mess.
What does our identity has to do with a foreign alien ?
Moroccan compatriots, do not fall for this cheap trick.
Remember how our fathers and grand fathers reacted to the french "Berber Dahir" of 1930.
Our identity is our own. It is not up for discussion with any one.
Moroccan patriot. Arabs are ruling the world because Allah bless with the black gold. A small country like Qatar is enslaving the Israelis that your cousins love to worship. You should also be thankful to the Arabs for not doing what the anglophones did to the American Indians or native Americans as they like to be called.
Arabs brought Islam and saved the Berbers from Barbary, the anglophones brought cannons and killed millions of natives. Israel that you love to worship is killing your brothers and you want to establish relationship with Apartheid. Have some dignity.
To borrow Rodney King's words " Let's all get along"
In the eyes of the white man, north Africa, middle east, it's all the same crap different day.
Today Morocco celebrated the lives of those who died in the Argana bombing in Marrakesh which happened to be in Morocco north Africa.
"During the Umayyad Caliphate, Arabs had the highest status, half-Arabs next, and non-Arab Muslims of whatever racial background next. Non-Muslims were at the bottom of the social hierarchy. Although one of Muhammad's strongest directives had been the brotherhood of all believers, Arabs did not want to share their superior position with non-Arab Muslims. Understandably, non-Arab and half-Arab Muslims began to demand equal status. Many Arab soldiers had taken conquered women as concubines, and their half-Arab children demanded to be treated equally. This debate caused growing resentment against the Umayyad Caliphate, which was essentially an Arab dominated government, and in 750 there was a major uprising against Umayyad rule. The leader of the revolt was a distant relative of Muhammad. He was joined by Shii and non-Arab forces. They defeated the Umayyads and established the Abbasid Caliphate. In an effort to distance themselves from the former Umayyad dynasty, they moved their center of government into what had been Persian territory and allowed some Persians to hold government jobs. Although Arabs remained important at all levels of leadership, Egyptians, Syrians and especially Persians rapidly rose to position of power in the Abbasid Caliphate." ("The Human Drama: Jean Johnson, Donald James Johnson")
Whilst it's true that Arabs and middle-easterne rs have settled in Morocco throughout the ages, many of whom from the "People of the House", they long assimilated with the indigenous population. Most settlers were simply male missionaries and thus they were naturally left with little recourse but to wed the local women (an actual preference for the Umayyads who would ship them off as far away as the Middle-East), hence each passing generation would steadily become less and less Arab and more and more indigenous.
So what exactly makes a nation? What race are the British for example?
news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1288231.stm
The same question could be asked about the French, the Italians and especially the Spanish...
"It is an error of geography to have assigned Spain to Europe; it belongs to Africa: blood, manners, language, the way of life and making war, in Spain everything is African. The two nations have been mixed up for too long–the Carthaginians who came from Africa to Spain, the Vandals who left Spain for Africa, the Moors who stayed in Spain for 700 years–for such a long cohabitation not to have confused the race and customs of the two countries. If the Spaniard were Mohammedan, he would be completely African; it is religion that has kept it in Europe." -- Dominique Dufour de Pradt
Likewise, it is religion and language which makes us part of the Arab world. An Arab world which (as with all nations or bodies) isn't defined by race, for we are Moroccan.
So what does it mean to be European or what does it mean to be Mediterranean?
"Morocco is like a tree, it has its roots in Africa and its branches in Europe" -- King Hassan II
Let's get a few other things straight, a person wouldn't need to speak Arabic, nor claim to be an Arab to legitimize their "noble descent". As exampled by the many ayatollahs in Iran who don the black turban, as opposed to the white turban, thus signifying their claim of blood-ties to the Prophet (saws) and his family (as), and yet they're not considered any less Iranian and nor is Iran made any less Persian for that. In fact, for a better example, let's not forget that Ismail (Ishmael) and Ishaq (Isaac) were brothers and yet from their offspring sprung two very separate nations.
"I know the Moroccan people, for I descend directly from them." -- King Hassan II
It is inconceivable to imagine that the number of Arabs who came out of the desert of Arabia were in large enough number to change the demographics of all the more densely populated, urban nations of antiquity (and that includes the great civilizations of North Africa). Even the vast and rapid spread of the Umayyad dynasty actually owed its expansionary success to neophytes who acted as "mercenaries" for their new faith and carried the torch westward and eastward on behalf of a higher Arab command; the further it moved out of Arabia the less Arab its forces became. Tariq ibn Ziyad and his army were by no means Arab. Also, for every "Arab" which settled in Morocco, it wouldn't be too far fetched to say 10 times more Moroccans settled across the Middle-East: the annual pilgrimage to Mecca, as well as pilgrimage to other holy sites were common practice, not to mention all the Moroccan merchants and missionaries who helped spread the message of Islam (from Europe to sub-Saharan Africa to Asia), as well as the fleets of Moroccan troops which were sent to partake in religious wars throughout the centuries. The telling difference is hegemony, and although Moroccans were historically proudly Moroccan and upheld their Moroccan traditions for centuries on end wherever they went, they too eventually lost out to the various ideological movements and colonial conquests of the modern era.
Among the many mischievous colonial policies in Morocco was the blatant attempt at igniting a civil conflict between the purer mountain tribes and the "mongrel" city dwellers of Morocco. The French favoring the former hoped to exploit any ancient old tension between the Arab-speaking population and Berber-speaking population by promoting the notion of a distinct Arab and Berber identity in Morocco. ("Politique Berbere et litterature berberiste au Maroc colonial: Maurice Le Glay et Marie Barrère-Affre.")
"The Berbers, according to all theories, ought to have hated the Arabs, but in fact they never did so" ("Morocco Under Colonial Rule: Robin Leonard Bidwell")
Such is life.
Whilst Arabization has occurred for centuries across the entire Muslim world, in many cases it was a subtle, self-inflicted wound. One which didn't necessarily come from a high esteem of Arabs, but rather a desire to gain political capital. Hence, whilst various countries today claim an Arab heritage, many of them still look down upon the authentic Arabs of the Khaleej in the same vein as that their ancestors had done. Also, it's not just Arabization which the Muslim world has experienced. North Africa has seen episodes of re-Berberizatio n and the Middle-East has witnessed Turkization and Persianization.
Nasserism, however, was perhaps the most oppressive and blanket form of Arabization that the Muslim world has witnessed to date and the nationalist/soc ialist movements which began to dominate urban Morocco in response to French colonialism, were the largest contributing factors in the import of certain elements of the pan-Arabist ideology. The late King Hassan II actually opposed the movement and our past and present Kings have always worked hard on preserving our various characteristics , cultures, traditions, artisan and everything else that makes us who we are. Moroccan.
news.google.com/.../
(The Arabists however, continue to sell all our achievements away, accrediting them to everyone but Moroccans for just as they see themselves, everything wonderful in Morocco is to them an import. It is after all, also important to create a sense of inferiority among the Berber-speaking population in order for Arabizition to succeed. Thus the ill-educated perspective of people like Haddaoui, who toy with all kinds of fanciful beliefs and incoherent claims.)
On a final note, the word "Amazigh" and its recent, forced absorption into our language owes itself to the Berberist movement (born outside of Morocco) and their equally disturbing ideological agenda. Imazighen (Amazigh) was used only be the tribes in middle Morocco, whilst Ishelhin (Shleuh) was used further south and Irifin (Riff) further north.
I sincerely hope that Moroccans overcome all these foreign ideologies.
Today many talk of an "Arab" Morocco in the same vein as they do a "Latin" America. The issue clearly needs addressing. We are Morocco, full stop.
"When the NW African populations were grouped according to cultural or linguistic differences, the partition was not associated with genetic differentiation . Thus, it is likely that Arabisation was mainly a cultural process"
nature.com/.../5200464a.pdf
Morocco Patriot: are you berber? reason I ask is that I am a Moroccan Arab (whatever that means) and I LOVE all my berber (whatever that means) friends. Matter 'fact, I love all my MOROCCAN friends including Arabs, blacks, greens, yellows, and even purple looking ones, heck...I'll even throw in the Orange looking ones as well...! Sounds to me like you have been living in the west far too long!
The problems of Morocco are many, but the one thing that it does not have to worry about are Berbers and Arabs killing each other - except for the manly men of the mountains, neither group has the courage or bravery to do any more than take their shirts off during an argument....
I want to know who do you sympathize with? I'll give you prop for consistently hating everything that breaths. Keep your posts coming, I enjoy reading them, they make me crack, they are never the same and they generate my interest.
However, it is just matter of one of two decades of Islamist's fever will be over. Morocco will be heading the Spanish Model. The Rif will become more like the Basque state, the western Sahara will have at least a complete autonomy, while the center of Morocco will remain the Arab-French state.
Who gives a damn if you believe that Zeus built Olympus? Or that Somalia is undeniably Arab? Nobody gives a damn about the opinion of a foreigner who, after spending a couple of years in Morocco, decides to stir a semantic storm in a tea cup by quoting silly anecdotal taxi discussions!
Semantics are key here! Muslims and other Arab supremacists have always tried to stretch the meaning of "Arab" in order to gain more dominion over people. But the fact is that outside certain urban circuits, you'll be hard-pressed to find any sign of Arab culture in Morocco proper. You'll find tribes Islamized through swords and continuous aggression, but most of them are fiercely anti-Arab.
Facts are stubborn, and they trump worthless and insulting Arabist opinion.
And Toufik, the Berber Dahir was only opposed by Arab supremacists and Islamists who couldn't stand the idea of a secular state where religion and public affairs are separate. If your father was among them, know that mine used to wipe his butt with your silly "holy" books!
Thankyou for Posting my reply admin ;-)
Bidaa wa Manakir
Morocco's accession into the Arab league is not only akin to the membership of Somalia and Sudan, but also to Egypt, Iraq, Syria and all the other states who were never really classified as Arab historically.
____________________________________________
my 3rd comment.somalia is not arab ,the other nations ARE all arab .comoros and somalia are not arab nationality altho they are members of the AL.Also,since when has the arab league spoke for arabs?just like the articles and info you use Averroes ,none are from arab sources,all is european.also why is this forum,not either written in arabic,'berber' ,or french..or even isreali?????!
Like the Moroccans ,the Sahrawi's are Arab.Like has been said previously,Arab is not an ethnicity.The only way to resolve problem in Arab Nations is to end foreign interference of EU,USA and Zionism.
Thankyou for Posting my reply admin
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ?
Where is that ? in Tindouf camp ?
Lets call it the Great United Federal Arab Muslim Socialist Sahrawi Democratic People's Jamahiriya Republic.
Did I miss anything?
Or basically: The Kingdom of Camel Shepherds Slaves to Algerian Generalismo.
You pick.
We transitioned from the stone age to the industrial age without any civil wars, thank god. But after that, Moroccans all learned a language called Amazigh or Shalha or Berber. So the new comers after that (the legal immigrants) all had to communicate with the Amazigh speaking Moroccans in sign language if they could not learn Amazigh. After that age, Arabic was one of many languages spoken in morocco alongside with Amazigh Hassani Darija Hebrew Egyptian and French Spanish and Portuguese, also Greek Roman and Phenitian. During the colonial days Moroccan learnt French and Spanish but remained speakers of Darija alongside with Amazigh and Arabic. The bottom line is Morocans today speak a language called Moroccan. It can be written in Arabic Darija Alphabet and Arabic Classical Alphabet, as well as Latin alphabet and Amazigh Alphabet.
To test my theory step out to any street in any of the imperial cities and Casablanca and Laayoune Dakhla Oujda Tangier Rabat etc.. the Moroccan language is spoken by the Moroccan people on the streets of Morocco.
PS we like both the Amazigh alphabet and the Arabic alphabet and the Latin alphabet, but my hope is that the royal academy will soon employ thousands of university students to survey citizens all over the country and finally pick Hindu Alphabet as the official alphabet of the state of India. Because Moroccans will always know many languages among which Arabic is one and Amazigh is another. We like it that way.
Also, history of people and public opinion is not narrated by Taxi drivers in the streets of the old Medinas or by friends "teachers", or even by orientalists. I guess we should go through deep thourough readings and investigations to get a glimps of a people's civilazation.
If I am to criticize this qoute of yours "I still believe that Morocco is undeniably Arab. Islamic and Arab civilization not only influenced but were centered and developed in Morocco for centuries. Some of Morocco's rulers were Arabs, others Amazigh. But all were Muslim and all supported high Arab culture. To look at the nation's history and write off centuries of Arab culture is terribly irresponsible." I'd simply do that by asking a similarly incovenient question: Would you call Nigerian people an "English people" just because they were colonized by England and "embrassed" christianity!!! ? Is it appropriate to say that Senegali people are French because they speak French that dectated on them at a certain colonial time!!!?
A wise man would say "no, Ngerians are Nigerians and Senegalis are Senegalis just as Moroccans are Amazigh regadless of what language they speak. I wish you got my point. Be safe, peace
(PBUOH) was an Arab. however, when I was asked if I would accept the UAE nationality if given to me I said NO. simply because I am Moroccan first.
Till the 19 century all North Africa was called BILAD AL BARBAR. Suddenly,they wanna convince me that morocco is an Arab nation? Really, I can't see any Arabian culture in Morocco, except some belly dancing stuff and shisha bars!
An Arabic IDENTITY? we all know that Morocco was an independent EMPIRE, nation when the majority of so called now Arab countries were under TURKISH empire! so,, for instance, why the hell the majority of the arab countries didn't adopt the Turkish identity, taking into consideration that the presence of Arabic rulers in Morocco is a reason to Arabize its identity?
yeah, WHY WOULD A SON OF SHIQONQ,SAINT AUGESTIN, SAINT MONICA, Massinissa, Jugherta, Juba, Dihia ,Akssil, Al matgheri of Berghwata, Tinhinan, Ben Tashfin, Ben Yassin, lkhettabi, Moha uhmmu. Assu ubesslam Azayku ... A SON OF a land called TAMAZGHA! WHY WOULD he have inferiority complex in his land?
_ the SON OF AWRABA who gave an Arab refugee some dignity, WOULD he feel inferiority complex !?
_ the SON OF AlMOHADS who forced Banu hilal to give up the life of mercenaries and settle down near Anfa, SOULD he feel inferiority complex !??
OF COURSE NOT.
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